The Turing Test Was Designed By A Man Named Alan Turing In 1950. It Wa

The Turing Test was designed by a man named Alan Turing in 1950. It was initially called the imitation game. Originally, the test was designed to differentiate between males and females. It was played with three people?a man, a woman, and an interrogator. The interrogator would go into a separate room and try to determine who was the man and who was a woman by asking various questions such as How long is your hair? or Do you have an Adam's apple? Based on the answers to the participants' replies, the interrogator would decide who was the man and who was the woman. Often times this wasn't easy since the participants would be allowed to lie in order to try to throw the interrogator off. Turing went a step further with the imitation game idea by incorporating computers into it. He believed that in approximately fifty years (today's time) computers would be programmed to acquire abilities rivaling those of human intelligence. As part of his argument, Turing put forth the proposal in which a human being and a computer would be interrogated through textual messages by an interrogator who didn't know which was which. Ideally, if the interrogator were unable to distinguish them by questioning, then it would be unfair not to call the computer intelligent. Passing this test was considered regularly and reliably fooling an interrogator at least 50% of the time. Turing and Godwin both believed that anything that could pass the Turing Test was genuinely a thinking, intelligent being. In particular, they felt that passing the test illustrated that the computer had the ability to interact with humans by sensibly talking about topics that humans talked about. Also, passing the test according to Godwin reflected that the computer was able to understand how humans thought and interacted. Despite Turing and Godwin's obstinate belief that computers could think, many believed that this was not the case. In the book Can Animals and Machines Be Persons?, Goodman set out an objection called the Chinese-box argument. Essentially, a man (who had no knowledge of Chinese) would be placed in a box and textual messages similar to those found in the Turing Test would be displayed on the screen in either English or Chinese. Then, man inside the machine would give the appropriate responses in Chinese. Despite his lack of knowledge of Chinese, the man would be able to give responses by using a large Chinese Turing Test Crib Book. Ideally, the person inputting the questions would be unable to distinguish that man's Chinese from a native speaker's. That argument was extremely damaging. By describing the Chinese-box argument, Goodman was pointing out that externally it would seem that the man in the box understood both English and Chinese when in reality he wasn't thinking in Chinese the way he did in English ? he was really just translating the symbols he saw into different symbols. Fundamentally, computers did the same thing. They would translate their binary code into symbols which we could understand. To do so, they would use rules analagous to those found in the Chinese Turing Test Crib Book. Overall, the Chinese-box argument supported the idea that a computer could cleverly imitate thinking and understanding but could never be a real, literal thinker or person.

Inventor of the Mechanical Television System John Baird

Inventor of the Mechanical Television System John Baird John Logie Baird was born on August 13th, 1888, in Helensburgh, Dunbarton, Scotland and died on June 14th, 1946, in Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, England. John Baird received a diploma course in electrical engineering at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College (now called Strathclyde University) and studied towards his Bachelor of Science Degree in electrical engineering from the University of Glasgow, interrupted by the outbreak of W.W.1. Early Patents Baird is best remembered for inventing a mechanical television system. During the 1920s, John Baird and American Clarence W. Hansell patented the idea of using arrays of transparent rods to transmit images for television and facsimiles respectively. Bairds 30 line images were the first demonstrations of television by reflected light rather than back-lit silhouettes. John Baird based his technology on Paul Nipkows scanning disk idea and later developments in electronics. John Baird Milestones The television pioneer created the first televised pictures of objects in motion (1924), the first televised human face (1925) and a year later he televised the first moving object image at the Royal Institution in London. His 1928 trans-Atlantic transmission of the image of a human face was a broadcasting milestone. Color television (1928), stereoscopic television and television by infra-red light were all demonstrated by Baird before 1930. He successfully lobbied for broadcast time with the British Broadcasting Company, the BBC started broadcasting television on the Baird 30-line system in 1929. The first simultaneous sound and vision telecast was broadcast in 1930. In July 1930, the first British Television Play was transmitted, The Man with the Flower in his Mouth. In 1936, the British Broadcasting Corporation adopted television service using the electronic television technology of Marconi-EMI (the worlds first regular high-resolution service - 405 lines per picture), it was that technology that won out over Bairds system.

Building a ‘Beauty Brand’ Veet India

Building a ‘Beauty Brand’ Veet India Beyond Hair Removal Executive Summary The solution attempts to address the transition of Veet from a hair removal brand to a true beauty brand. Starting with a study of the depilatories market in India and Veet’s growth over the years to create a platform, the results of the primary research have been presented. The primary research was a combination of questionnaire based research and PAPIs (paper aided personal interviews). The brand awareness of Veet was measured through both recognition and recall of the brand. The salience for the competitor brands like Anne French and Fem were also analyzed. Responses were gathered to identify the preferred usage locations of hair removal products. The product attribute associations, both positive and negative, were measured. An assessment of the brand personality was also undertaken by means of projective market research techniques. A combination of the strong functional values along with the emotional benefits was used to identify the key categories that were suited for brand extension. Elimination of product categories were based on reasoning related to inappropriate associations as well as data on market dynamics achieved from secondary research. Finally, three extensions in two phases have been proposed with a market potential study for each. Highlights of the communication strategies have also been proposed. The recommended strategy aims to initialize the transition of Veet as a true beauty brand in the coming years. Contents Executive Summary2 Introduction3 Hair Removal Market in India3 Veet in India6 Veet Brand Image6 Primary Research amp; Data Analysis7 Research Overview7 Data Analysis8 Brand Equity, Brand Personality amp; Possible Extensions12 Brand Equity12 Brand Personality Model12 PossibLe Extensions13 RoadmaP amp; Positioning16 Brand Extension plan16 Positioning In New Segments17 Conclusion19 Introduction Personal care sector covers segments like hair care, body care, baby care etc. In India this sector is currently valued at around INR 320 billion and is posting robust growth year-on-year. Veet is player in the niche depilatories segment within this market. Hair Removal Market in India Hair Removal or depilatories segment in India is relatively niche segment. It is valued at around INR 4 billion which means its contribution to the personal care market is a modest 1. 27%. While the market size is small the segment has tremendous potential and has been seeing robust growth year on year. As seen above, the segment was a ‘late bloomer’ showing exponential growth in 2004-05 and in 2006-07. Over the past few years year on year growth has stabilized around 19%. To better understand the nuances of this segment one must look at target consumer segments as well as the competing brands in this space. Brands in Depilatory Segment The brands dominating this segment are: Anne French dominated this category as the first mover and the only player for almost 4 decades. Anne French’s product positioning was primarily functional showing usage and highlighting product attributes. The entry of Veet in 2004 changed the face of the market with player moving from product centric, functional adverts to emotional benefits. Veet’s entry and new positioning strategy also explains the 60% y-o-y growth spurt in 2004-05. Currently Veet is the market leader in hair removal creams with a market share of around 34. 1%. Fem is the market challenger with its presence in hair removal creams and bleaching products. Target ConSumer Segments The penetration of hair removal products is relatively low with the young, single, educated and urban women being the prime users. * With a 68% category penetration there is enormous untapped potential in the segment. However this potential can only be realized with category expansion. * Increasing urbanization and more women entering the main stream white collar work force Growth in consumer base is on the cards

Dementia Patient Care Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dementia Patient Care Plan - Assignment Example Different diseases that directly affect the brain can lead to the development of dementia, with the major cause being Alzheimer disease. As much as scientists have not identified the exact reasons behind and process that individuals develop Alzheimer disease, it is evident that it results from the death of neurons (nerve cells) in the brain (Lu & Bludau, 2011). It is evident that a type of protein referred to as beta-amyloid and protein fiber masses form deposits within the brain of individuals with the disease. Peter* is an 86-year-old Navajo of American-Indian background. He lives with Maria*, his 80-year-old wife, in a ranch on the outskirts of Alaska. The couple solely depends on Peter’s retirement benefits that are not enough to cater for their needs. The government’s health insurance is limited; hence, the family’s expenses majorly lies in Peter’s healthcare. The couple never had children and has to be independent at old age. However, Peter cut-off his drinking habits after attending rehabilitation. In his heydays, he was a professional footballer right before he retired from football and joined the media as a sports reporter. During his football career, Peter was admitted to hospital for a concussion and a brain contusion after continuous complaints of losing balance and having blurred vision. Peter has faced ten driving under the influence (DUI) charges that led to him losing his driving license and attending a rehabilitation center. Peter’s wife has osteoporosis and is weak, an aspect that has made it difficult for her to take care of her husband. Peter has reported cases of increased confusion and forgetfulness. For example, he stated that he often looks for something when he is holding it in the hand, and forgets names of close people and places. Such occurrences have increased concerns for Peter that he could be developing Alzheimer’s disease.  

The Student Motor Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Student Motor Company - Case Study Example In order to mitigate the competitive challenges The Student Motor Company invented a subcompact car i.e. Zinger. The normal preproduction testing along with the development of automobiles usually takes around forty-three months. However, the management team of the concerned company had consented for the production of the new car i.e. Zinger within two years. While test driving, the management had analyzed two vital faults within the car being manufactured. In this regard, it has been determined that the company used gasoline tank and the tank had been fixed in a way that a crash would create a puncture in the tank. Moreover, the design also entailed the risk of gasoline entering the driver’s chamber and any further ignite can lead to massive flames (Fall 1-4). Another fault as determined within the production of Zinger is the emission standard. It has been noted that it is the responsibility of the company to meet the emission standards before sale because after the sale it is the responsibility of the owner to abide by the emission standards. Zinger was launched in the market without considering the manufacturing defects. It has been further noted that the director of the company claimed that if the manufacturing department has involved standards to minimize the explosion risk then it would have raised the price of the product. Considering these aspects, it can be viewed that the company did not meet the ethical standard. ... Due to the company’s unethical decisions, the customers faced life risk situation (Fall 1-4). Q2. The ethical standards that might have been considered in resolving this dilemma is to stop the launch of the vehicle. In this regard, it can be ascertained that the company’s management or its stakeholders might have undertaken measures to mitigate the manufacturing defects. The research and development department might have put more effort in the establishment of a product that would be beneficial for the society. In this aspect, it can be ensured that this particular ethical standard has not been met by the company. This has resulted in the vital loss of the customers who purchased the car. This is the major consequence pertaining to the ethical standard that can affect the society at large (Fall 1-4). The following ethical initiative that can be mitigated by implementing certain alternative measures is meeting the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standard. In further discussion, it can be revealed that the company might have followed the emission standards incorporated within EPA. According to the EPA emission standard it is the responsibility of the company to meet the standard before the sale of the products. The Student Motor Company had not ensured emission standards before the sale of Zinger. This will lay greater consequences on the customers. This is because the emission standard of EPA reveals that after the sale of the car, it is the responsibility of the customers to mitigate the emission standard. It is difficult for the customers to gain immediate information on emission standards. In keeping with the economic alternatives, the company might have assured a better

Apple iPhone Essay Example for Free

Apple iPhone Essay Japan to Apple iPhone No Thanks and Would Mickey Mouse Eat Shark Fin Soup these two case studies shows what happens when consumer behavior and marketing mix in globalization goes very wrong. These two studies reveal how marketer think they are giving a wonderful product and service in the case of Apples the iPhone and Disney the Sharks Fin Soup. Understanding the consumer’s behavior and the customs and values of the culture impacted these two campaigns. Apologies good media press and changes in the strategy to get the approval of the consumers. Both case studies points out the impact of technology and how it at first affected the campaigns for bad with negative that changed the reputation of both companys. Apples dilemma was very embarrassing for the company with negative reports and predictions of how the iPhone was going to sell in Japan. The propaganda was already put out to the media about the Japanese saying No Thanks to Apple concerning the iPhone 3. Apple thought that Japan would be ecstatic with the new product but supposedly the opposite occurred with reports of weak showing of the iPhone3. Of course with Apple being the cutting edge in technology and innovation in the western world Japan did not feel the same way about Apples iPhone3. First Japan was a hard market to try to get into the for Apple and their competition Nokia, and Motorola, whose attempts to grab Japanese customers were futile. So this was going to be a difficult campaign for Apple. At the time Japan was hostile toward western brand including Nokia and Motorola which I thought were Japanese brands. What’s wrong with the iPhone, from a Japanese perspective? The high monthly data plans that go with it, its lack of features, the low-quality camera, the unfashionable design and the fact that it’s not Japanese. Besides cultural opposition, Japanese citizens possess high standards when it comes to cell phones. The country is famous for being ahead of its time when it comes to technology. Japanese consumer rather would use their own brand even if the feature is not used frequently. For example, Japanese handset users are extremely into video and photos .The iPhone had neither a video camera nor multimedia text messaging. A highlight feature enjoy on their handset is a TV tuner. Many consumers also used their cell phone as their only computer device and also as a TV. The monthly rates was considered to expense and many consumers did not want to pay the monthy bill. Apple had to make  decision because the consumer’s behavior was very different in Japan. The Japanese in the time of No Thanks were more communal than individualistic which a new trend with the younger generation is. They were not considered conspicuous consumption they way it is in western countries. The Japanese way of consumer behaving was inherited from Edo Period of history (each class had it own code) Brand shopping revealed two things about the Japanese consumer social status and quality of product. Japanese consumers are known for being demanding with products. The Japanese consumer shopped mostly in department stores but now this is changing with malls. The Japanese consumer is a cautious spender and that is why the monthly charge for service was problem for Apple. They are also very environmental aware and health conscious. Apple did not understand that Japan demographic of aging is very large with life expectancy being vey long. So Japan has a big 60 plus consumers demographic that live by the old tradition, values and customs. These consumer behaviors were very different from the western marketer Apple did not take these in to consideration when the iPhone came out. The marketer had to start at zero level and make huge marketing decision for the Japanese market. Quality of the iPhone its features had to be reintroducing to the consumers to the cell phone market in Japan. Many iphones were given away so as to help the consumer get comfortable with the iphone a great strategy. The monthly pricing had to be adjusted but they really had to do with the value of the Yen. The Bloomberg report today notes that the iPhone has captured 72 percent of the Japanese market. High price, lack of a video camera and support for multimedia messaging, all three of those shortcomings have been addressed. â€Å"Softbank w ho Apple used to sell iPhones gives away the phone for free, and Apple has added a video camera and support for multimedia messaging. The Bloomberg report further suggests that those moves were just what the iPhone needed to gain a foothold in Japan, which we also acknowledged in a report published August 2009.†(Tewney ,2008) Would Mickey Mouse Eat Sharks Fin Soup? Became fiasco for Disney with reports that Disney wool start serving Shark Fin Soup to their customers in Disney Hong Kong. In a feature dated May 18, the Hong Kong Standard reports that shark fin soup, along with roast suckling pig and sliced abalone, will be included in wedding banquets Disney is promoting at the two hotels at the Hong Kong Disneyland resort. Shark’s fin soup is a traditional Chinese  delicacy popular at weddings and other important social events. Eating shark’s fin soup carries cultural significance and is seen as luxurious and a display of affluence and generosity. However the process by which sharks are caught and killed to provide the ingredients has long been criticized for the way in which fins are harvested . A 2004 survey by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) found that out of 262 shark species around the world, 56 were endangered. The Hong Kong Standard publishes a follow up to the story on May 23 and reports that Disney’s plans to serve shark’s fin soup have outraged local environmentalists. Under the environmentally umbrella Disney has integrated conservation efforts into its daily operations. The company says its employees around the world proactively support environmental initiatives through all aspects of its business and states that it is â€Å"committed to balancing environmental stewardship with our corporate goals throughout the world.† Disney lesson was tradition and customs no longer overruled environmental issues because affluent consumer wants a certain food or clothes. The voice of green and environmental safety out powered and was louder than the money of the wealth who wanted the Shark Fin Soup. With the new rising environmentalist animal cruelty advocate this was not going to be easy for the affluent consumer to win. Disney was going to have to make a decision not to serve the soup at all and it did. Globalization, can intentionally or otherwise remove social and cultural differences, which can often have a bearing on consumer behavior and in turn, lead to brands developing a more consistent global identity, one which doesn’t have to worry about the backlash of possible misinterpretation in other parts of the world. This isn’t to say that marketers believe cultural issues are no longer important. In fact, quite the opposite is true. The more information a brand holds about the world and its contrasting consumers the more chance it has of understanding and manipulating them. The interlocking of economic spheres is another aspect, which has affected consumer behavior for very different reasons all together. The European Union and the combine currency of Euro connecting different countries with the same currencies make for a huge consumer behavior being established. This was also the problem with Apples because Japan does not have the same cultural values as the western hemisphere which was a learning campaign for Apples globalization. The arrival of the Internet and advances in technology have succeeded in breaking down social and cultural barriers, but have not succeeded in stopping the masses from being continually guided by those who are learning more and more about them and the way they behave. In conclusion these two global business dilemma help to open the way for a precise understanding of different culture that helps with evolving of globalization to include all cultures and to give the best culturally socially, environment decision while giving the best service and product. Reference Key Characteristic of The Japanese Consumer (2014) Retrieved from: http://www.slideshare.net/rpretet/key-characteristics-of-japanese-consumers CRS ASIA (2014) Retrieved from :http://www.csr-asia.com/weekly_news_detail.php?id=5318 Consumer Behavior (2014) Retrieved from:http://publicresearchsystems.blogspot.com/2009/01/report-on-global-factors-affecting.html Why Japans Hate Apple (2014) Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/2009/02/why-the-iphone/ . â€Å"Softbank who Apple used to sell iPhones gives away the phone for free, and Apple has added a video camera and support for multimedia messaging. The Bloomberg report further suggests that those moves were just what the iPhone needed to gain a foothold in Japan, which we also acknowledged in a report published August 2009.† Why Japans Hate Apple (2014) Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/2009/02/why-the-iphone/ Would Mickey Mouse Eat Shark’s Fin Soup Retrieved from:http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/17/business/worldbusiness/17 shark.html?pagewanted=all_r=0

Remembrance of Empire in the Nomenclature of Belfast Streets ::

Remembrance of Empire in the Nomenclature of Belfast Streets I Belfast is Northern Ireland’s principal city and at times its centre of government. Its size and past prosperity can be attribute to its role as a major seaport in the former British Empire. In administrative terms at least the city remains â€Å"British† today. A clear result of its history is the present demographic pattern of the city and the nomenclature that accompanies it. I intend to discuss an aspect of this nomenclature — the names of Belfast streets, which are evocative of an Imperial past. Such titles should be seen in respect of the political implications and literary function of naming. It is safe to assert that a name is a construct and therein has a degree of fictionality. To place this in context one could suggest that the naming of an object is less tangible than say its design, naming is governed by few substantial constraints, design by many; physical, financial and so on. However, it would be incorrect to suggest naming is pure fiction; indeed names can be seen as the bridge between the actual object that exists and our ethereal mental image of said object. In light of this a useful definition of fiction would be to see it as â€Å"groups of signs† often extremely large groups if one considers the average novel. Thus names in their smallest form would be best seen as individual signs. it would then be possible to theorise that up to a certain point the more signs collected in a single group the broader the fictional and communicative possibilities are. Consider then if the collector of a group of signs — in literary terms the author — were to bring certain signs together with a thematic intent based upon, for example, an ideological belief. What would be the effect of street names that could be collocated in the same semantic field? A fine working example is a part of Belfast referred to as â€Å"The Holy Land† this moniker not being a reflection of the devout nature of its residents but an acknowledgement of the area’s street names, prefixes being â€Å"Jerusalem†, â€Å"Palestine†, â€Å"Damascus† and â€Å"Cairo.† Such groupings of street names are certainly noticed, but do they have the power to shape public attitudes? This is doubtful, for example merely renaming the streets of Britain after famous poets would not change its public’s apathy towards the art form single-handedly, it would probably only have an effect in support of say an authoritarian campaign of enf orced poetry appreciation.

The Waste Land

Eliot expressed all of these feelings In his poem. In fact. The Waste Land soon became known as â€Å"the work that best expressed the mood of a postwar generation disillusioned by the loss of ideals and faith in progress† (Duper 7). The Waste Land does not, however, express only despair in the condition of modern society. Conscious of its actual degradation, Eliot sought a meaner to escape it. He did a great deal of research concerning fertility rituals and myths and indicated that â€Å"his reading In these and similar studies revived a way of seeing behind presenters actions a substratum of past beliefs and practices that. Hough now lost to consciousness, continue to Inform our daily lives In hidden but significant ways† (Duper 8). As Dolmen Schwartz states, â€Å"Elite's theme is the rehabilitation of a system of beliefs, known but now discredited† (209). Eliot felt that man needed to be brought back to these old beliefs, but was wary of stating this openly, fearing a direct approach would prevent the poem from being read. The modern man had become too hardened to accept Christian principles directly and, Instead, must gradually be made aware of his condition.In order to achieve this, Eliot chronicled his 1 Nihilism: (from the Latin nil, nothing) a philosophical position which argues that the world, especially past and current human existence, is without meaning. Journey of realization and revelation in the form of The Waste Land, using the protagonist of the poem to represent his own passage to spiritual awareness and to convince man of the degradation of society and the need for reform. The poem begins with the protagonist musing on spring: April is the cruelest month, breedingLilacs out of the dead land, mixing Memory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain. Winter kept us warm, covering Earth in forgetful snow, feeding A little life with dried tubers. (1, 1-7)2 This passage is an indication of the extent of the degradation of man. He has sunken so low Into depravity that he prefers to live a life of ignorance and to disregard the fact that he Is living a half-life. April, the month In which spring begins, is no longer a joyous time in which new life is celebrated, but a cruel time of rebirth that reminds man that his own life is terribly empty.The protagonist then addresses man directly, stating, â€Å"you know only / a heap of broken images, where the sun beats, / and the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief, / and the dry stone no sound of water† (l, 21-24). He then invites us into â€Å"the shadow of this red an allusion to the got Isaiah, in which the Messiahs torture coming is likened to â€Å"an hiding place from the wind, and a covert from the tempest; as rivers of water in a dry place, as the shadow of a great rock in a weary land† (KAVA Bible, Sis. 32:2).Under this red rock, he will show the way to escape the mundane life man has roughs upon himself. The speaker th en recalls the time he first realized the emptiness of his life. In the 2 Citations from the poem are taken from The Waste Land, De. Michael North (New York: Norton, 2001) springtime, he says, he gave his lover hyacinths. Looking at her, with her arms full of flowers and her hair dripping wet, he expected to see happiness and fulfillment, but saw nothing. At this point, he realizes that true Joy cannot be found in transitory things.The world holds nothing for him- â€Å"Ode' undo leer ads Mere† (1, 42)-desolate and empty is the sea. It is possible that Eliot came to this same realization through a similar cause, as he and his wife had a very unhappy relationship. The protagonist then takes us on a Journey through society, a Journey that illustrates the full extent of human degradation and spiritual emptiness. In the first scene of â€Å"A Game of Chess,† a wealthy couple is shown at home, living meaningless lives composed of dull routines. Their relationship is forced and artificial, each so self-absorbed that neither can communicate with the other.In the second scene of this section, the extent of gradation is further revealed. A woman is in a pub discussing with a group of friends the advice she gave her friend Ill when Oil's husband, Alfred, was discharged from military service. She says she pointed out that Alfred, having been in the service for four years, â€Å"wants a good time† and told Ill, â€Å"if you don't give it to him, there's others 148-149). She then rebuked Ill for looking â€Å"so antique† (II, 156), and Ill replied that it was because she had an abortion. She had already given birth to five children and did not want more.In this scene, sex is reduced to a duty a wife must reform to please her husband, and children are an obligation, not a Joy. In â€Å"The Fire Sermon,† the depravity of man is further illustrated. A woman is shown in her apartment eating dinner with her lover. Their encounter after dinner is described thusly: The time is now propitious, as he guesses, The meal is ended, she is bored and tired, Endeavourers to engage her in caresses Which still are unimproved, if undesired Flushed and decided, he assaults at once; Exploring hands encounter no defense; His vanity requires no response, And makes a welcome of indifference. Ill, 235-242) When he leaves, â€Å"her brain allows one half-formed thought to pass: ‘Well now that's done: and I'm glad it's 252) This attitude of indifference can be seen as even more depraved than lust and expresses the apathetic attitude of many after the war. However, there is still hope. Sometimes, the protagonist can hear â€Å"the pleasant whining of a mandolins† (Ill, 261) near the walls of Magnums Martyr, a church â€Å"where fishermen lounge at noon† (Ill, 263). This brief glimpse of hope is an indication of the source of a meaningful life. The â€Å"fishermen† remind us of Jesus' disciples, the â€Å"fishers f men† (KAVA Bible, Matt. :19), who were exhorted to Journey throughout the earth, telling men tot the gospel o t Christ and the way to salvation. In â€Å"Death by Water,† TN way of escape from the degradation of society is revealed. The protagonist tells us of Please the Phoenician, who experienced death by water, which can be seen as a representation of baptism, the shedding of the sinful nature, and the acceptance of the â€Å"Living Water† (KAVA Bible, John 7:38) of Christ. Please is now dead to the world. He has forgotten â€Å"the cry of gulls, and the deep sea swell / and the profit and the joss† (V, 313-314).He is no longer affected by the sin of modern society but lives separate from it. The narrator then addresses the reader: â€Å"Gentile or Jew / O you who turn the wheel and look to windward, / Consider Please, who was once handsome and tall as you† (V, 319-321). With this address, the narrator reminds us that we are as mortal as Please, and we also require this â€Å"Living Water. † This passage is a direct contrast to â€Å"The Fire Sermon† quenching the fires of lust with the â€Å"Living Water† that provides spiritual cleansing. To truly experience life, our sinful nature must die.The protagonist concludes by explaining his own realization that, like â€Å"Jerusalem Athens Alexandria† (V, 374), modern society is deteriorating: â€Å"London Bridge is falling down† (V, 426). At this time, he has a decision to make: â€Å"Shall I at least set my lands in order? † (V, 425) Will he avoid the decay of society and abandon his meaningless life for one with significance? His decision is evident in the last stanza of the poem. Amid the madness of the ruin of society, the protagonist finds â€Å"Shanties shanties shanties† (V, 433)-a peace that passes understanding.Like Please, he has chosen to bid farewell to his dishonest, worldly self and surrender to the Living Water th at has the power to quench the fires of corruption. It is through this passage that Eliot suggests his own discovery and his decision to experience the peace that passes understanding by surrendering the corrupt part of himself. The poem, composed of seemingly fragmented ideas and stream-of-consciousness thoughts, ends on a note of peace, a peace that Eliot has attained and wishes modern man to experience. Works Cited Duper, Robert S.

Metapardigm concepts of nursing Essay

Introduction. The purpose of this assignment is to identify and explore one of Jacqueline Fawcett’s (1984) metapardigm concepts of nursing that she identifies as being concepts central to nursing and explore how this is expressed in Judith Christensen’s (1990) Nursing Partnership Model. The following discussion seeks to analyse the metaparadigm concept of ‘person’ according to Christensen (1990). To facilitate this, it is important to discover what is meant by metaparadigm and to further explore what a conceptual model is. This will lead to a better understanding of what Fawcett means by the four metaparadigm concepts of nursing. Within the development of nursing theories, there is recognition of common themes and concepts. A concept of a subject is related to the way it is viewed and can be a way of classifying a theme when applied to a particular area (Pearson, Vaughan & Fitzgerald, 1997). Fawcett (1984) identifies the four main concepts or themes central to nursing as including; health, environment, person and nurse. These four concepts, the recurring themes and the inter-relationships between them are described as nursing’s metaparadigm. Metaparadigm is the combination of two words, meta and paradigm. According to Mosby’s (1994) definition, Meta, can mean either â€Å"after or next† or â€Å"change or exchange.† Mosby’s (1994) defines Paradigm as â€Å"a pattern that may serve as a model or example. Chin & Jacobs (1987) identify paradigm as, a generally accepted world view or philosophy, a framework or structure within which theories of the discipline are organized. According to Fawcett (1984), â€Å"a metaparadigm of a discipline is a group of statements identifying its phenomena in a global rather than specific way.† Metaparadigm is â€Å"the most global perspective of a discipline and acts as an encapsulating unit or framework, within which the more restrictive structures work† (Fawcett, 1984, p.5). A conceptual model focuses on the main points of relevance whilst ruling  others to be less important within the metaparadigm. A conceptual model has a set of concepts and statements that allow integration of them into a meaningful configuration. Mosby’s (1994, p.273) description of conceptual model (framework) as, â€Å"a group of concepts that are broadly defined and systematically organised to provide focus, rationale and a tool for the integration and interpretation of information.† In seeking to clarify the meaning and what is meant by the four metaparadigms, Fawcett (1984) describes the ‘health’ concept as the relationship of a person’s degree of illness or wellness. The concept of ‘environment’ is and includes the surroundings or context the person moves in and interacts with e.g. home, work, roles, socio-economic status and the pattern of the person’s life in relation to these things. The concept of ‘person’ is any identity that receives health care, and may include an individual, a family (whanau) or a community (hapu or iwi). Lastly, the concept of ‘nursing’ is the giver or provider of health care and the activities the nurse undertakes that enables this giving to occur. This may include an individual or a system (Fawcett, 1984). Metaparadigm concept ‘Person’ -the work of the patient. Normal life for a person encompasses the ability to accomplish a wide range of activities, including those activities of daily living such as for caring for ones own personal needs, activities that allow social interaction and other activities which enable the person to live and grow (Pearson et al. 1997). If however, when a person becomes hospitalised and the hospital in turn becomes the person’s home, the person needs to relinquish roles and norms and put themselves in the care of hospital staff. The person leaves their familiar surroundings and subsequently withdraws from the full expression of the person’s usual social roles (Christensen, 1990). The Beginning phase: In reaching the point where the person finally reaches the decision to become dependent on a medical expert can be a lengthy and stressful process. Illness is not seen to begin merely when the person encounters a health professional, rather therein lies a significant period of decision making and self directed treatment in an effort by the person to control the illness, bring about symptomatic relief and leading to self healing (Morse & Johnson, 1991). The person may have lived with a period of suffering from ill health for some time because it may not have appeared to be life threatening and one just ‘coped’ with the symptoms. Christensen (1990, p.50) quotes an example of a person with a history of childhood urinary tract infections. â€Å"I just get bad kidney infections -you know -I can hardly walk†¦I just know when it’s coming and when it’s gone†¦I used to go to the Dr. all the time†¦feed me some more rubbish -antibiotics and stuff†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Reaching the point were the person initiates medical help might be something they have considered and deliberated over for some time, because they known that something ‘just isn’t quite right,’ but might have put off due to a fear of the unknown. When the person decides to engage in some form of intervention, the person becomes busy putting their life of normality on hold. They reach a point where they believe the right decision has been reached and they are ready to hand themselves over to the health experts. The person continually recounts and relays each new experience to others. This may include, friends, family or other people who are sharing similar experiences. Such information is shared many times with added information shaping and retesting issues as further information is discussed with the health care professionals. By the time the hospital admission takes place, the person has shared and thus interpreted their experience (Christensen, 1990). This does not mean that a person undergoing hospitalisation suffers no anxiety even when that person has become prepared for the event. Taylor, Lillis & LeMone (1993), found that even from the point of admission into a health care setting, the individual experiences a range of emotions including, anxiety, confusion and concern related to unmet and unfulfilled role obligations left behind. Settling In phase: It takes courage and strength to trust another, for the patient this trust is often placed in a stranger, this can be a trying experience and can jeopardise emotional security. While the person may have met their doctor before, it is still a burden to place such trust in someone else’s hands. Emotional stability, trust and security are desirable and need to be met for the person’s admission into the health care setting (Taylor et al. 1993). Assisting the person to understand and identify ward routine can positively influence this. Christensen (1990, p.66) quotes a patient’s response after having been shown round a ward. â€Å"I’m finding it much easier. I know what’s sort of going to happen†¦I think knowing what the routine was is quite helpful.† It becomes necessary for the person to reveal significant information of a personal nature to members of the health care team. Such disclosure becomes an accepted norm even though this may occur between the person and many strangers numerous times each day. Being able to shed privacy and attend to personal activities in front of others and submitting to intrusion, shows that the person acknowledges the legitimacy of health care workers (Christensen, 1990). The partnership developed between the person and nurse further compounds this, creating a feeling of goodwill and concern for one another (Christensen, 1990). Negotiating the Nursing Partnership phase: The person now looks for techniques that establish a sense of control and ensure inclusion in what is going on. The person now reaches a point whereby there is sense of trust and acquiescence, however the person may attempt to give legitimacy to the situation by trying to overcome inhibitions or lack of control by taking personal responsibility for the outcome of the intervention (Christensen, 1990). In doing so, the person becomes part of the health care team. The person accepts submission to necessary rules and procedures of the health care environment, but it is not always passive. Christensen (1990, p.87)  highlights this by quoting one of several patients. â€Å"My priorities are to make sure I do my bit to make sure this works out because the surgeon has done his bit and the nurse can put drops in. I think the main thing is my own action -not being stupid over the thing, not bending down or jerking†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The person is required to meet many different health care workers. In doing so, the person attempts to co-operate and affiliate with these people while acquiescing to their expertise, fitting in and retaining autonomy (Christensen, 1990). Health professionals and the person must establish a partnership and involvement with one another needs to recognise multiple identities and these need to fit together and be complimentary (Beck, 1997). However, â€Å"acquiescing may be associated with a sense of powerlessness in the presence of the expert person, particularly the surgeon.† (cited in Christensen, 1990 p.97). If a person has trust and confidence in that expert then submission is willingly given (Christensen, 1990). It could be said that the person is the real expert as they are the only one who really knows the role of the patient and context with which that experience occurs. The person has a life outside the health care setting that they will continue when they leave. The health care team in turn, will remain behind (Christensen, 2001, personal communication). Even though a person enters into the health care setting, there can be no assumption that they are totally prepared or agreeable to intervention. New or conflicting information or coping with an unknown environment can raise doubts and that the former consent obtained was quite tenuous (Christensen, 1990). Christensen (1990, p.90) quotes one patient as saying â€Å"it came as bit of a surprise to me when I saw him hospital before the operation, the very day before, when he explained about this vision and that night I didn’t sleep to well. I thought about it quite a bit and thought am I doing the right thing?† Additionally, communication between health care personnel and the person is of great importance, anxiety can result if there is a sense that information is being withheld. The person may adopt the ‘good patient role,’ which is then subsequently reinforced by staff (Curtis, 2000). The ‘good patient’  role is seen as being counter productive to a good recovery. If the person does not take an active role in their own care, it may lead the person to not report a change in symptoms (Curtis, 2000). Patients may feel that by maintaining an outward sign of composure they will invoke a significant feeling of control. Endeavouring to maintain such composure underlies many behaviours of the hospitalised person, such as using humour in a frightening situation to mask nervousness (Christensen, 1990). Christensen (1990, p.92) quotes a number of patients with comments similar to the following that utilise humour. â€Å"Imagine operating all day! I certainly wouldn’t like to be at the end of the day if he was†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Oh, who’s this one? Arm? Leg?† Additionally attending to such activities as personal grooming to the person’s usual standard can be another way of maintaining a sense of normality and composure (Christensen, 1990). Roy & Roberts (1981) theory of ‘the person as an adaptive system’ which puts forward the idea that each person is a system utilising adaptive behaviours to meet changing environmental needs by assuming coping mechanisms (cited in Fawcett, 1984, p.85). Hardship of a temporary nature whilst the person negotiates the passage is an expectation and is generally accepted as part of the process (Christensen, 1990). Pain experienced within the health care setting is expected and tolerated, where as this might not be the case were such an event to occur within the persons home. Pitts & Phillips (1998) say there is little doubt that surgery will involve anticipation of pain for a person, due to the use of needles or knives, or other discomforts post operatively. These things can cause stress but this combined with anxiety and coping maybe extremely hard for the patient even when expected (cited in Curtis, 2000, p.82). â€Å"if I sort of move it around, it can ache a bit. It’s got a suggestion of a little bit of stinging†¦certainly nothing uncomfortable that I can’t tolerate†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Christensen (1990, p.104) Once the effects of surgery lessen, the person feels a sense of hope that all is well and the time of discharge is nearing. The person may start to feel  that they are expert enough to assist in meeting the person’s needs. There is development of expertise and wisdom surrounding the person’s condition and this gives rise to being able to self-care in the future (Christensen, 1990). Going Home phase: Discharge from the health care setting does not always indicate a return to life as it was before admission. It maybe just a step on the road to recovery, with much work yet to be done (Christensen, 1990). A cardiac rehabilitation study by Joy Johnson (1988) identified some of the participants as â€Å"raring to go† but were mindful of the need to not â€Å"overdo it† and were aware that life would not be the same (cited in Morse & Johnson, 1991, p.43). Travel arrangements, arranging plans for care, learning about self medication and understanding what to do and recognition of emergency signs and symptoms are all jobs the person must learn in preparation for discharge. Not all persons being discharged experience positive feelings; some negative reactions emerge when a person readies to go home (Christensen, 1990). â€Å"I think you feel as though you are in a different world. That world is going on outside and you’re in this one and it takes a little while to adjust†¦you miss it all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Christensen (1990, p.152). Solidified realisation that their own life may in fact be in their own hands can empower the person to plan, anticipate ahead improving their own outcome. Not withstanding the person is still under the influence of the health care professionals who have instructed them in ways to do this. However, the person can decide for themselves just how much and for how long they will be compliant with the ‘doctors orders’ (Christensen, 1990). The final step is the resumption of autonomy and self-management for the person. â€Å"Torvan and Mogadon and aspirin -I was taking those and I thought it’s one of those that is giving me a headache so I’ve cut them off the last few nights.† Christensen (1990, p.155) Conclusion Fawcett (1984) identified four central themes of nursing which she described as nursing’s metaparadigm. Metaparadigm or generally regarded worldview of commonalities of nursing were identified as, including; health, environment, person and nurse. The discussion focused on Christensen’s (1990) Model of Partnership in relation to the concept of person. The reader has been taken through the persons work which has identified within it specific phases. These phases include acceptance of illness or disease, reaching a decision for action, coping with entering and passing through a period within the context of a health care setting, and finally resuming life as it was prior to the episode of contact, or life as it be following such contact. References Anderson, K. N. Anderson, L. E. & Glonze, W. D. (1994) Mosby’s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary. (3rd ed.). Mosby, Missouri. Beck, C. S. (1997). Partnership for Health -Building Relationships Between Women & Health Caregivers. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London. Christensen, J. (1990). Partnership for Health -A Model for Nursing Practice. Daphne Brasall Associates Press, Wellington. Curtis, A. J. (2000). Health Psychology. Rutledge, New York. Fawcett, J. (1984). Analysis and Evaluation of Conceptual Models of Nursing. F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia. Fawcett, J. (1984). The Metaparadigm of Nursing: Present Status and Future Refinements. The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol. 16 (3), 84-87. Morse, J. M. & Johnson, J. L. (1991). The Illness Experience -Dimensions of Suffering. Sage Publications, London. Pearson, A. Vaughan, B. & Fitzgerald, M. (1996). Nursing models for practice. (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. Taylor, C. Lillis, C. & LeMone, P. (1993). Fundamentals of Nursing -The Art and Science of Nursing Care. (2nd ed.). Mosby, Missouri.

Cash for Clunkers Program

Cash for Clunkers Program Introduction The cash for clunkers regulation is a program which was designed to allow car owners to trade their used cars with poor fuel consumption rate for more fuel efficient ones. This trade is to be accompanied by a benefit of $4500 from the national government. However, the consumers can only get one rebate with the credit liable to taxation. Similarly trade-in vehicle under joint ownership gets only a single credit.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Cash for Clunkers Program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The car to be traded should be no more than 18 mpg with the new one having a minimum of 22 mpg. The vehicle to be traded has to have been insured for not less than a year. The vehicle has to be in a state of being able to be driven. The owner of the trade-in car must therefore confirm that the vehicle can be operated on its own power during the trading-in process. Additionally, for vehicles to be eligib le for trading under the cash for clunkers program, it must have a suggestion of retail price from the manufacturer which should be less or equal to $45,000. The trade-in vehicle is required to be registered to one owner for at least one year without change of ownership. In the case where the vehicle is owned by two or more persons, it has to have been registered under one, some or all the parties for the same period of one year (Griffin, 2011, p. 10). For the trade-in vehicle to have an eligible registration, it has to have a registration document showing the purchaser’s ownership for at least one year immediately a year before the trade-in. in case of changes in ownership in a co-owned vehicle during the final year to trade-in, the registration is considered valid with the condition that the purchaser appears in the certification for that same period. The dealer involve in the trading-in of any vehicle is required by the agency to have clear title to be able to dispose the vehicle under the cash for clunkers program. Despite the fact that many consumers consider the use of motorcycles to be economical in saving fuel and environment friendly, this program does not consider them as eligible, not only for trade-in, but also for purchase or lease. When a truck considered as a category 3 trucks is traded in for another category 3 truck, the credit for the new one should be $3,500 regardless of whether the new truck is smaller than the old one or is of the same size. This program covered all the 50 United States and thus, for a trade-in to be eligible the dealer must be a citizen of the United States and the vehicle to be traded in must as well be insured in the United States.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, not all vehicles qualify for trading in under this program. The agency has excluded trading in of vehicles which are no t manufactured for transporting people and those that are susceptible to operations off-highway. Such vehicles include pickup trucks, cargo carrying vehicles and vehicles that have physical characteristics in regard to ground clearance. The eligibility of category 1 and 2 trucks is determined by the length of the wheelbase with the shortest ones being more offered for trade-in than the long ones. The trade-in vehicle must be disposed off through crushing to ensure that it does not get on the road again. The success of the cash for clunkers program The cash for clunkers program was definitely a successful one as the economy of the United States has since then been in a better shape thanks to the program. However, the introduction of this program saw a large turnout of consumers which led to exhaustion of allotted cash for the same by the government. The program was almost suspended and due to this, many consumers have new vehicles which mean that the sales were much impressive (Huffm an, 2009). Consumers benefited by getting subsidies for their old vehicles as well as enjoying the new fuel efficient vehicles thus improving their economy. Consumers got encouraged of buying new cars over and over as well as showroom programs. The eligibility of trade-in vehicles on fuel economy should be reduced to cover most of the consumers. Other associated regulations such as registration and insurance should be lessened to help cater for more consumers as well. With availability of funds, I would design the program on a yearly basis to ensure that the environment is improved as well as maintaining the economy of our nation. Effects of the program The main goals of the cash for clunkers program were to help in improving the environment through the use of fuel economical vehicles and also to stabilize the economy for the people of the United States.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Cash for Clunkers Program specifically for you for only $16.05 $1 1/page Learn More While these goals may seem to have been met, the program was not much effective since the many regulations to the program left out so many consumers and environmental impacts resulting from the use of old fuel inefficient vehicles was not completely dealt with. Similarly, the economy cannot be said to have improved especially with the destruction of the old cars for the trade-in program. This is because this move would mean more costs on spare parts; many such businesses will be closed, consumers with the new vehicles will have much increased monthly payments and low income earners will definitely be disadvantaged because most of them purchase old cars which are required by this program to be destroyed hence increasing the costs of the few left (Toggle, 2009, p. 1). Reference List Griffin, K. (2011). Tips and advice on understanding cash for clunkers. Web. Huffman, M. (2009). Cash for clunkers success a positive economic sign. Web. Toggle, K. (2009) . Cash for clunkers program in full swing. Web.

Human motivation midterm essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human motivation midterm essays - Essay Example It explains human behavior as it is supposed to be an inborn tendency that directs it. Along with need theories learning theories it bore traces of Darwinian concepts. The problem with the instinct theories is that it ignores the interaction between an individual and an environment. According to Landy and Conte (2006), this is the reason why the need theories replaced it in popularity. Citing Maslow’s notion, they explained that need theory is an improvement over the former because it allowed for the environment to play a role in motivated behavior by suggesting that when one set of needs was satisfied by external forces, the next higher set of needs are activated. (p. 334) The person as â€Å"godlike† is one concept shared by cognitive, learning and humanistic theories of motivations. Here, there is an assumption that humans are rational and that there is a faculty of discernment when it comes to actions - its results and its relationship to goal-attainment. Each of these theories is universal in terms of their notion of rationality, their ideas of the human body as well as its needs. Furthermore, the traces of Freudian and Darwinian influences in these theories reinforce their appeal in this regard. The theory of obesity is mostly confined to the cognitive categories in theorizing human motivations. Barbara Dossey enumerated what the theories focus on: overeating behaviors as totally determined by learned responses; negative self-talk that triggers the desire to eat and overeat; negative body images that can contaminate self-concept to drive overeating behaviors; as well as the self-monitoring and response control as a way of correcting it. (p. 313) Meanwhile, to compare scientifically, the overweight notion is a condition of increased body weight in relation to height and is determined by a certain standard of acceptable weight; on the other hand, the concept of obesity is the accumulation of excess fat for one’s age and body type.

The movie Thank you for Smoking Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Thank you for Smoking - Movie Review Example On a deeper level, the movie also explores the world of corruption in politics and the government. In one scene, Nick mentions to his son that his â€Å"job calls for a moral flexibility that goes beyond most individuals.† It shows Nick, as a lobbyist, is required to disregard any real concern for the stakeholders as he drifts into the world of propaganda. Though the genre of the movie is satire, viewers may wonder if it is founded on facts. It may be unnerving to imagine that corporate PR depends on the lobbyist’s lack of moral accountability to support their cause and win the case. This could mean that lobbyists are expected to exhaust all means to create successful publicity, with the end justifying the means. The way Nick circumvents the truth to preserve public opinion unfortunately typifies the uncaring way these people do they jobs to achieve their objectives. For example, Nick’s company implements a corporate citizenship project intended to create a facad e of public concern by giving back to society. However, the anti-teen smoking campaign is merely done to avoid bad publicity. Additionally, the company’s monetary gift to the dying Marlboro man is to keep him silent from attacking the tobacco industry.